The Theory Of Computational Design Thinking - 1624 Words

Jose Lopez September 22, 2016 ARC 5205 Advanced Theory Professor Neil Leach Computational Design Thinking The dominance of computational programs in the architectural career has become dominant throughout the years. It could be said that it has taken over the entire practice and that the human aspect had been taken out completely. In the book Computational Design Thinking, by Achim Menges and Sean Ahlquist this is discussed. It is important to understand how certain things work in an environment in other to comprehend how a design computer system actually works. In order to do so, a system generating a system, history and cybernetics, and how the machine and men interact needs to be analyzed. In doing so, it is determined that one cannot exist without the other. A system generating a systems dominates the idea of computational design. A system has to ideas explained in the book. The first idea is a system as a whole. The system as a whole refers to a particular holistic view of a single thing. While a generating system does not refer to a single thing; but a combination of things that include rules that are capable of generating many things. A system can only become a system if it has a holistic property. Meaning that if the object could have different meaning depending the approach. For example a flower; when given as a gift it is just a flower. It is not thought of as a system it is just an object to the receiver. If the same flower is looked about in a different way itShow MoreRelatedCombined Rigour Of Rational Decisions And Computational1090 Words   |  5 PagesCOMBINED RIGOUR OF RATIONAL DECISIONS AND COMPUTATIONAL SHAPE GRAMMAR FOR DESIGN OF SOCIAL HOUSING Ar. Prof. Dhanashree Sardeshpande, Ar. Radha Mallawat Abstract Design Process, traditionally is a very intuitive and subjective process. The design outcome is highly dependent on the architect’s concept, which may or may not be expressed graphically. Shape grammar is a design tool that has been used from earlier times as an ordering principle of design. The development of digital tools has instrumentalisedRead MoreThe Role Of The Textile Design?1552 Words   |  7 Pagestextile design-er can enrich the design process in HCI. It will advocate embodiment as a de-sign methodology by focusing on a subjective, visceral engagement with mate-rial and physical computing using tacit textiles expertise. This theoretical prem-ise is explored drawing on the fields of soft robotics, organic user interfaces and transitive materials for the fabrication of a responsive textile composite. The research uses a range of theoretical references to support its concepts of design thinkingRead MoreThe, Made By Robots : Challenging Architecture At A Larger Scale Essay1676 Words   |  7 PagesMorales ARC 5205 Advanced Theory Professor Neil Leach Pages: 16-45 Gramazio + Kohler, Made by Robots: Challenging Architecture at a Larger Scale The book questions whether the new digital technologies can impact and change the architectural and material practice of today, Gramazio Kohler explored the potentials of robot- induced design and how robots can help enrich the physical nature of architecture, to inform the material processes and to merge the computational design with the construction realizationRead MoreThe Computational Theory Of Mind1657 Words   |  7 PagesThe computational theory of mind explains that our brains are made of information processors. Every part of brain—neuron’s axon and molecules, all these nerve cell’s propose is to be an information carrier. The neurons are like sophisticated chips and with billion of neurons, you ended up with one powerful computational device, which is brain. Brain is one hunk of matter that is intelligent things that allows human beings to have cognitive equipment to processes of human perception, problem solvingRead MoreComputer Technology : The Conce pts Of Safety-Critical Software1748 Words   |  7 Pageseffective communication between clients, developers, and coders, critical errors can become numerous. As software engineers, we have the duty to design, test, and implement safety-critical software with upmost pristine care. When designing software, it’s in our best interest to keep either clients or users safety in mind. 1. Creativity, critical thinking, ethical discussion and cultural awareness are fundamental skills to succeed in training students for the 21st century (Section 1, Page 38). AsRead MoreImportance Of Synthetic Biology : High-Technology Perishable Designs952 Words   |  4 PagesHigh-tech Perishable Designs - Synthetic Biology Our journey of moving from homogenous to heterogeneous, from bio-mimicry to synthetic biology, of rationally engineer microorganisms dates back to 1990s. Synthetic biology—unlike chemistry—is involved in the technical alteration of animate nature. Building on recent advances in genetic science and technology, synthetic biology aims to understand the molecular fundamentals of the metabolic and reproductive functions of simple single-cell organisms preciselyRead MoreThe Importance Of Maintenance On Government Systems1718 Words   |  7 Pagesbehind pattern recognition that powers the act of text mining. The theoretical roots of natural language processing can be traced to seminal papers in the 1970’s, with computational based papers beginning to emerge in the late 1990’s (Manning and Schutze, 1999). It is important to understand how the theory led to the computational practice, as well as the limitations of the process given the statistical and theoretical background of the subject. This review will only cover a handful of statisticalRead MoreComputer Science Is Not A Basic Complexity1808 Words   |  8 Pagesof these impacts is the introduction of computational thinking. Computational Thinking is a process that generalizes a solution to open ended problems. Open-ended problems encourage full, meaningful answers based on multiple variables, which are derived using abstraction and automation. When solving open ended problems, computer scientists abstract notions from both the physical and theoretical worlds. Unlike mathematical notions which only consider theory, computer science combines both aspectsRead MoreHistory1717 Words   |  7 PagesThesis Preparation Have visualizations been a good tool to use in the world of Design? In my assignment, I will be looking at how the general use of certain software’s and digital technology has taken the world of architecture and Interior Design in another era. And how other articles and journals supports that view and don’t. At the moment, we are living in a world of advanced technology where everything is taught using digital technology, whether it be a mobile device, anRead MoreUrban Planning For The New Buildings Essay1825 Words   |  8 Pagesconcepts and theories of urban planning were set by researchers in order to make our surrounding environment a better place to live. Without continuous creation of urban planning and active implementation, we will not be able to achieve an environment conducive to a good life that we aspire. Traditionally, urban planning process consists of a sequence of phases that may vary or overlap to suit the project nature. During the preliminary stages of urban planning process, the conceptual design phase includes

Slavery And Servitude World History - 2069 Words

Marialaina Carter Dr. Sinegal-Decuir Slavery and Servitude World History March 15, 2015 The One In Front of the Gun According to the Webster dictionary, a warrior is â€Å"a person who fights in battles and is known for having courage and skills.† Skill is attained through the repetitious performance of a particular act that can be further developed by means of an apprenticeship or cognitive reading. When the word warrior is merged with child, many humanitarian and educational boundaries are crossed because an adolescent’s mental and physical capacity, by no means, are suitable for the acquisition of the intense psychological and physical skills required for armed defense. A weapon has the power of severing a human to the point of his†¦show more content†¦As a result of the extreme upbringing within the realm of combat, child soldiers tend to â€Å"fall within the messy, ambiguous, paradoxical zones of all three: [extreme victims, extreme perpetrators, and extreme heroes]† (Denov 2). A child is an extreme victim because one day he or she may be sharing a meal with his or her family and the next day becomes branded by the emblem of guerrilla warfare. He or she is a perpetrator because, once the child is handed the gun and learns how to use it, the power rests in his or her hands. And, finally, the child is a hero fighting for a cause that is mostly likely incomprehensible to his or her developing intellect and is ready to die for the sake of its duration and influence. All three of these positions can be wrapped into a sphere of extremity because there is always one goal emphasized through a glorified, tunnel vision: to kill or be killed. Most concisely, a child soldier can be defined as a slave because he or she, upon initiation, has offered to the recruiter an oath of obedience and, unknowingly and without will, the opportunity for the recruiter to manipulate his or her mind under a system of pure, unyielding weaponry. As a form of modern slavery, the forced rec ruitment of child soldiers is congruent with the notion that slaves are considered property. An armed child is only a free pawn in the war for the rise of some political message. ForShow MoreRelatedSlavery Vs. Indentured Servitude1038 Words   |  5 Pages Slavery vs. Indentured Servitude Sandra McIntire HIS110 April 27, 2015 Jelena Popov Slavery vs. Indentured Servitude Slavery. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, it is the condition in which one human being was owned by another. A slave was considered by law as property, and was deprived of the rights held by free people. Slavery was viewed as a way that undeveloped people, such as Black African men and women, could receive the physical and moral discipline and training necessary to attainRead MoreEssay on Tobacco/Cotton Slavery FRQ1677 Words   |  7 PagesSouth. What forces transformed the institution of slavery the early seventeenth century to the nineteenth century? When approaching slavery from a historical standpoint, it is a tendency to generalize the experience of slaves. However, slavery differs per region and time period. The differing climates of the Chesapeake region and Deep South determined the crops that would be grown and consequently the severity of slave labor. Likewise, over time slavery evolved from a class based system (poor indenturedRead MoreIndentured Servants During Early Colonial Times956 Words   |  4 PagesIndentured Servants Indentured servants were used in early colonial times as a means of passage to the new world. The cash crops of the early settlers were exhaustingly labor intensive. In fact, U.S. History (2015) indicated that â€Å"the growth of tobacco, rice, and indigo and the plantation economy created a tremendous need for labor in Southern English America† (p. 1). The technology did not exist at the time for machinery that clears the ground and works the land as it does today. The work had toRead MoreNegative Effects Of Slavery798 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery is one of many issues that has negatively affected societies worldwide. It is a problem that has been in existence since the first movement of man. Around the world, an innumerable amount of countries has participated in the buying and selling of people, who are then forced into various types of labor; different forms of slavery include forced labor, child slavery, sex slavery, and domestic servitude. The slaves are usually forced to work in rather unbearable environments under the subjugationRead MoreThe Way We Lived: Essays and Documents in American Social History, by Frederick Binder and David Reimers779 Words   |  4 Pages I have chosen to write about chapter three due to my fascination about the slavery period in our country; the reasons it happened, why it happened, and some of the missing history behind the period. 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Slavery continued through early modern history, aiding in the discovery of North AmericaRead MoreSlavery And The Practice Of Slavery1176 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferences and similarities when it comes to slave narratives. To explain further, this is why the details and experiences that these ex-slaves gave in describing the institution of slavery and the practice of slavery are tremendously important because Virginia became a royal colony, the first in English history. However, the English kings were occupied with affairs at home, the Virginia house of burgesses was able to continue its functions and won formal recognition in the late 1630s. Thus, representativeRead MoreThe World Of Early American History941 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery has always remained at the forefront of early Amer ican history. Although it has proven to be rather unjust, it has had a profound impact on how we view the world today. As American colonies were becoming more established in America, English settlers begun to produce cash crops and other agricultural goods. However, as more and more of these agricultural goods were being produce, laborers also grew more in demand. In the beginning, many of the colonies established plantations. With these plantationsRead MoreEssay about Free Blacks in the Seventeenth Century632 Words   |  3 PagesFree Blacks in the Seventeenth Century In the early sixteen-hundreds there were nearly equal opportunities for blacks and whites in the New World, most specifically in Virginia. One African-American man in particular exemplifies this fact. Anthony Johnson escalated in society from being a slave1 to becoming a wealthy landowner with slaves of his own.2 The successes of this man both economically and socially provide a rather important window into the lives and opinions of the peoples in VirginiaRead MoreSlavery During The American Colonies Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesSlavery in the American colonies had greatly shaped the nation as we know it to be today. After the discovery of the New World, Spanish conquerors intended to enslave Native Americans, but punishment, overwork, and diseases such as small pox and malaria decreased their population rapidly. The only solution was to kidnap African Americans from their homeland and transport them on ships under poor, unsanitary conditions, many of which died of yellow f ever, dysentery, or suicide. Upon arrival, they

Markets and Strategies LVMH Group

Question: Discuss about the Markets and Strategies for LVMH Group. Answer: Introduction LVMH Moet hennessy Louis Vuitton SE is well known as LVMH, it is a European multinational luxury goods conglomerate and its headquarter is in Paris (Cavender Kincade, 2014). The company was formed in the year 1987, Louis Vuitton and Moet hennessy were fused together to form the LVMH group. The main products are clothes, cosmetics, fashion accessories, jewellery, perfumes, sprits, watches and wines (Tse Wright, 2014). In Singapore there are five business which are acquired by French luxury group LVMH such as Crystal jade group, Ku De Ta, Charles Keith, Heng Long Tannery, Sincere Watch and Jewellery (Theurillat Donz, 2016). Sincere was one of the biggest watch retailer in Singapore but before dealing with the LVMH group the business of sincere was not so much good. Job analysis for an HR manager Manage the administrative function of the HR department in a very well defined manner is the main responsibility of an HR manager in the company (Stone, 2013). Job description is a list, which a person uses for general tasks, functions and the responsibilities of a particular position. Job description is developed by job analysis that includes the analysis of all the tasks which are necessary to perform the job and also includes the knowledge and skills which are needed for the job (Cheramie et al., 2014). Maintain relationship among all the people in the organization, managerial requirements and relation with other employees all are included in job description of an HR manager of the LVMX group (Lacoste et al., 2016). Job specification is a statement of a job which is included the summary of work, duties, responsibilities and the qualifications are required for the job (Delahaye, 2015). Duties and responsibilities: Development of employee relation programme, making partnership with team and create policies and update it to the employee handbook, manage employee relationship cases, these are the main duties and responsibilities of the HR manager of the LVMX group (Tracey, 2015). Apart from these, support the field team in all aspects and build a good relationship with the field team, provide training to the field team, development of boutique policy and maintain the recruitment policies and recruitment procedure in a proper way so the company can get the best employees, these all are the part of duties and responsibilities of the HR manager. Qualifications and skills: To get a job as an HR manager in the LVMX group there are some requirements which the candidates have to fill up. At first a bachelor degree is needed and in the retail industry minimum five years working experience as a human resource generalist. Apart from these the candidates should have excellent communication and interpersonal skills and as well as computer skill. The candidates should have knowledge about federal and state employment and labour laws. Analytic and organizational skills are also required for this job. The candidates should have also the experience to deal with ambiguity and develop a trusting relationship with the employees and should capable to handle the sensitive and confidential issues spontaneously. The ability to build credibility with the external and internal partners should be needed. If all of these aspects are full filed by the candidate then he or she can get the job of an HR manager in the LVMX group (Goffee Jones, 2015). Job design or work design or task design, it is the core function of Human Resource Management (Dwivedula et al., 2017). The specification of contents, methods, relationship of jobs to satisfy technological and organizational requirements and job holders social and personal requirements, all are related to the job design. How the job affects the job holders attitude, behaviour, characteristics and autonomy, all are taking consider into job design (Marinova et al., 2015). Improve job satisfaction, reduce employee problems, and improve the quality, these are the aim of job design It is a process to design or arrange the work place, products and systems so that they fit the users without any difficulties (Young et al., 2015) In LVMX the job responsibilities of HR manager are matched with the criteria which are needed for the recruitment of an HR manager. The knowledge and skills of a new recruited HR manager is matched with the duties and responsibilities. So the person can do his job very efficiently and day by day he becomes more and more efficient. So the efficiency is related to job design (Freund, 2015). It is always assumed that main motivator is a good payment. But it has seen that the employee motivation is also depending upon how the job is designed (Parker, 2014). Commitment to the organization, absenteeism and turnover all are related to job design. The responsibilities of an HR manager in the LVMX group are very distinct. But if the external and internal environment of the organization are not in favour of the organization then it is very difficult for a new recruited HR manager to do the job spontaneously. Employee grievance, communication gap between the management and employees, these can create a big problem for the HR manger and the manager cant concentrate on new recruitment, from starting the manager keeps busy to solve those problems. On the other hand if these problems do not exist in the organization as a big issue then the HR manager can do the job perfectly and be motivated to do it more efficiently. Safety and health Safety and health of the employees are the most important part of job design (Bakker Demerouti, 2016). All the aspects of job design such as job rotation, working hours, work break should be maintained in a good manner so the employees physical and mental health are not being damaged. In the LVMH group there is present employee health insurance for all the employees from management to the lower level employees. In LVMH the working environment is in favour of all the employees, so a good relationship among the management and employees has been established and the lack of employee grievance can be seen in the organization. So the mental pressure on the HR manager is reduced. Recruitment strategies and implementation LVMH seeks to attract and recruit the most talented individuals. The organization is always looking for the best employees for each and every level of the organization (Som Blanckaert, 2015). The company is committed to recruit without any discrimination on the basis of age, gender, opinions or any other individual characteristics. The company recruits people with pragmatic and creative thinking and possessing international vision and the people feel a strong affinity with high quality products. Some candidates have background with luxury products and have experience to work in innovative sector. Apart from these the candidates have background of excellent delivery and a quality service to the customers. The candidates must have the dual mind-set, they should appreciate the long history of the organization and should have entrepreneurial thinking. The mind of the employees should be distinct and creative. On the basis of these aspects the recruitment has done in the organization. The knowledge and skills are also an important part to select the candidates. An HR manager of the company should complete the bachelors degree. The candidates should possess good communication skills, interpersonal skill and should have knowledge on computer. They must have thorough knowledge on labour laws. They should have capability to take decisions on any sensitive and confidential issues and should capable of handling the relationship between employee and management. Due to the presence of well organised recruitment strategy the organization can choose the best employees and the recruited candidates can maintain their responsibilities spontaneously. The responsibilities of an HR manager of the company are done successfully, such as the accurate employee files with state and federal guidelines are maintained properly, communication with the employees about policies like compensation, vacation, sick time, disabilities etc., being partner with the HR controller and complete all t he necessary reports for HQ. Apart from these all the notifications related to new hire, termination and changes have been sent to the payroll, sales administration, IT, SSC benefits administration and hiring manager, decision making in any critical and sensitive issues, communication with clients regarding any issues, handling employee grievance, taking care of difficulties of the internal and as well external environment of the organization. Sometimes the HR manger have to do many miscellaneous duties and special projects of the company. All the matters have been handled very carefully and successfully by the HR manager of the company. Because of a well organised recruitment strategy the organization has chosen the best person for the post. A special attention is always given to the new employees so that they can understand the strategy, history and position of the organization and as well as they can familiar with the culture. The training sessions and grooming sessions are organ ized for both the management and employees so the performance of the organization is being increased day by day. Due to the presence of best persons in management the planning of the organization for any situation is always being well defined. Selection strategies and implementation Growth of the LVMH group is the main objective of Human Resource team. Thats why the selection of Human Resource manager should be done in a proper way. Selection of the right employee is very crucial for any organization. The Human Resource department of a business house mush choose some strategy for screening the candidates and then choose the right person for the job. To choose a Human Resource manager the Human Resource directors of LVMH has chosen some steps and strategies. At first comes the education qualifications of the candidates and then the skills and ability. The selection process starts with job analysis and creates a list of job specifications, within which the required knowledge and skills are mentioned. To get the job the candidates must full fill those criteria. For an HR manager job the candidate must be graduated and should have knowledge about labour laws and must have interpersonal skills. The candidate should capable of decision making. Multistage selection strategy is one of the useful selection strategy to get the right person for the right job. This selection strategy is the combination of some assessment tools which are the part of this process. The Human Resource department of the company ensures that the assessment tools are legitimate and these are related to the requirements of the position. The different stages of multistage selection strategy are skill test, personality test, personal interview and performance on sample work, on the basis of performance the best candidate is selected for the job. Another selection strategy is conjunctive selection strategy. In this strategic process multiple assessment tools are used in a series of stages. If a candidate performs poor at the initial stage then he is eliminated from the list of applicant. The order of the assessment tools must be arranged very carefully so that any candidate does not eliminate due to less importance for a particular criteria. The main advantage of this strategy is, it is less costly than other strategies. Compensatory is also an effective selection process. In this process the company administer all the assessment tools at the same time to the candidates, before anyone is eliminated or selected by the company. The scores of all assessment tools are combined together and the results with composite scores are published and depending on these composite scores the best candidate is selected by the company. In this selection process the candidates are not eliminated on the basis of single test, all the candidates should perform all the tests and then the composite scores of all the candidates are compared to each other and then the right person is selected. But this selection strategy is costly than the conjunctive selection strategy. Apart from these selection strategies sometimes it is seen that an eligible candidate from the organization is promoted to the Human Resource manager post. When an employee is working in the organization for a long time and he gathers the experience and become eligible to match those criteria for the HR manager post then he is promoted to that post by the organization. Conclusion For the successful business of LVMH group the Human Resource department is very important. The HR manager is taking an important part for the selection of other employees and maintain a healthy environment in the organization. So the selection of HR manager is the most essential issue for the organization. Through a well-defined strategy the right person for the job can be selected and then the business can run spontaneously. References Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E. (2016). Job DemandsResources Theory: Taking Stock and Looking Forward. Cavender, R., H. Kincade, D. (2014). Management of a luxury brand: dimensions and sub-variables from a case study of LVMH.Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management,18(2), 231-248. Cheramie, R., Fuller, B., Simmering, M. J., Marler, L. E., Cox, S. S. (2014). Improving career development in students by developing job analysis skills...Learning in Higher Education, 49. Delahaye, B. (2015).Human resource development. Tilde Publishing. Dwivedula, R., Bredillet, C. N., Mller, R. (2017). Work Motivation in Temporary Organizations: A Review of Literature Grounded in Job Design Perspective. InLeadership, Innovation and Entrepreneurship as Driving Forces of the Global Economy(pp. 609-618). Springer International Publishing. Freund, A. (2015). Do Multiple Commitments Predict Job Satisfaction in Third Sector Organizations? A Longitudinal Analysis.Browser Download This Paper. Goffee, R., Jones, G. (2015).Why Should Anyone Work Here?: What it Takes to Create an Authentic Organization. Harvard Business Review Press. Lacoste, S. M., Lacoste, S. M., Dekker, J., Dekker, J. (2016). Driving change: the role of emotional connectednessa case study.The Learning Organization,23(5), 357-369. Marinova, S. V., Peng, C., Lorinkova, N., Van Dyne, L., Chiaburu, D. (2015). Change-oriented behavior: A meta-analysis of individual and job design predictors.Journal of Vocational Behavior,88, 104-120. Parker, S. K. (2014). Beyond motivation: Job and work design for development, health, ambidexterity, and more.Annual review of psychology,65, 661-691. Som, A., Blanckaert, C. (2015).Luxury: Concepts, Facts, Markets and Strategies. John Wiley Sons. Stone, R. J. (2013).Managing human resources. John Wiley and Sons. Theurillat, T., Donz, P. Y. (2016). Retail networks and real estate: the case of Swiss luxury watches in China and Southeast Asia.The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 1-20. Tracey, J. B. (2015). Hospitality HR and Big Data: Highlights from the 2015 Roundtable. Tse, T., Wright, L. T. (2014). Luxury brands and deriving fashion meanings in a Media Context in Hong Kong.Luxury Brands in Emerging Markets, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 155-164. Young, M. S., Brookhuis, K. A., Wickens, C. D., Hancock, P. A. (2015). State of science: mental workload in ergonomics.Ergonomics,58(1), 1-17.

Police Ethics and Deviance free essay sample

Ethics and the police is a subject that most people are interested in. When people use the words ethics and police in the same sentence, people usually think of police deviance, police corruption, misconducts such as drug and alcohol abuse, sexual violence, domestic disputes, and violence within families. Most common subjects people most associate with police ethics is police brutality, police deception, and abuse of their authority. Police officers in the United States are given tremendous authority and wide latitude in using that authority. In addition, to the average citizen, the police are the most visible symbol of not only the United States criminal justice system but also the United States government. (Wadsworth, 2005) Ethics is defined as the practical, normative study of the rightness and wrongness of human conduct. According to â€Å"Ethics in Crime and Justice: Dilemmas and Decisions†, by Joycelyn Pollock, some ethical standards of police are: organizational value systems or codes of ethics designed to educate and guide the behavior of those that work within the organization, an oath of office which can be considered a shorthand version of the value system or code of ethics, and The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics as publicized by the International Association Chief of Police. We will write a custom essay sample on Police Ethics and Deviance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Wadsworth, 2005) Ethical standards in policing are the following: to serve and protect the public, keep a clear mind and not allow their personal beliefs to keep them from helping someone, to not judge by race, religion, or sexual preferences. They also have to put aside any kind of prejudices no matter what they believe to be right or wrong, but most of all they have an oath that they take to assure that all the police ethics that are in place they follow to a tee. Some police do not have a clue what ethics mean. There are some officers that take a bribe to look the other way. There are some officers that keep drugs out on the street, or allow crime to happen because they benefit tremendously from corruption. Deviant behaviors have serious effects on a police department and the surrounding areas they serve and protect. These behaviors consist of police corruption, police misconduct, and police brutality. Police corruption is probably the most common ethic deviance in a police department. Corruption occurs when police abuse their authority for personal gain. Often time’s officers receive payments in order to look the other way when it comes to certain crimes. These payments are not just money payments but also come as personal favors, gratuities, and bribes. Police corruption may also include framing a suspect to maybe divert attention from another suspect they are helping. There are two different types of corruption, internal and external. Internal corruption is the illegal acts and agreements within a police department by more than one officer. External corruption is the illegal acts and agreements with the public by one or more officers in a department. There are three distinct elements of police corruption that have to occur simultaneously for a corrupt act to occur: 1) misuse of authority, 2) misuse of official capacity, and 3) misuse of personal attainment. The external corruption generally consists of one or more of the following activities: 1) payoffs to police by essentially non-criminal elements which fail to comply with stringent statutes or city ordinances, 2) payoffs to police by individuals who continually violate the law as a method of making money and, 3) clean graft where money is paid to police for services, or where courtesy discounts are given as a matter, of course to the, police. General police deviance can include discrimination, sexual harassment, intimidation, brutality, and illicit use of weapons. However, it is not particularly obvious where brutality, discrimination, and misconduct end and corruption begins. (2002, December) Police misconduct happens as a result of police corruption. Types of misconduct include: false confessions, false arrest, falsified evidence, false imprisonment, intimidation, police brutality, police corruption, political repression, racial profiling, sexual abuse, and surveillance abuse. Police misconduct also includes accepting bribes, improper search and seizures, harassment and racism in law enforcement. Police misconduct violates the oath of peace officers and their responsibilities as public servants. Victims of police misconduct can be wrongfully accused and convicted of crimes they did not even commit. Police misconduct also creates distrust between police and the public that they are meant to serve and protect. Police misconduct often goes uncorrected because people are not aware or understand their rights as citizens. Informed citizens can prevent police misconduct and avert violence, wrongful convictions, and abuse of authority. Police misconduct is the exception that most police officers are law abiding citizens, but when misconduct occurs, police departments seem to be oblivious and fail to address the problem appropriately. 2002, November) Police brutality is the excessive, unreasonable use of force against citizens, suspects, and offenders. A study showed that most citizens complained against police officers because of the use of profanity and abusive language towards them, the use of commands to move on or get home, stopping and questioning people on the street or search ing them and their cars without probable cause, the use of threats to use force if not obeyed, prodding with a nightstick or approaching with a pistol, and actual use of physical force or violence itself for no reason at all. Police brutality causes a lack of communication between minority groups and the police department and a lack of trust because of previous run-ins with brutality. In some cases police brutality runs over into an officer’s personal life as well. There have been several cases where an officer is arrested due to domestic violence and leads to an investigation of their work life. Most of the time there are cover ups, when domestic disputes occur so that the department does not get negative coverage if the incident was to get out. 2002, November) Ethics are considered a structure for most departments in the United States. There are several bad apples that get greedy and are cocky at times and think that they cannot be touched if they do wrong. Police departments around the U. S. have several issues with corruption, misconduct, and brutality. Most of the time these issues are covered up so that, these officers do not give the departments bad names and people do not trust them and the y, are having more crime on their hands instead of defeating the crime.